It stands for Heart Rate Variability, and it's basically the time-gap between your heartbeats when you’re resting. You take a measurement each morning and get a reading between 50 and 100, the higher the better. You can then use the change in the day-to-day readings to guide your training.
For example, if there is a large drop from the previous day, the idea would be to have an easier day or rest altogether, depending on the severity of the drop. Likewise, if there is a large increase and the reading is high, you can go and smash out a quality session.
It's just something I'm trying, and it's going to take a good couple of months to get enough data to start using it properly. I suppose it's a more advanced version of taking your resting pulse each day.
More info
here.